Financial Planning offers a coordinated and comprehensive approach in helping you to achieve your personal and reasonable financial goals. Building, managing and preserving wealth is a very important aspect of life. But it is not an easy task. Maybe you have recently retired and are concerned about outliving your Savings. Maybe you are a baby boomer trying to plan for a secure Retirement. Maybe you are part of the "Food generation", caring for your own children at home while also caring for the needs of aging parents. Maybe you are recently widowed or divorced with all of the difficulties that these life challenges bring. Maybe you have accumulated substantial wealth and want to protect your assets from lawsuits, spendthrift relatives, divorce or other potential threats not only to yourself but also to your heirs. Fortunately, Financial Planners are available to assist you in the process of developing a sound Financial Plan. Selecting appropriate investments is simply one element in the formula for an effective financial plan that should also include retirement and Estate Planning. An experienced financial planning will help you in the following:
· Identify your goals
· Understand your current situation
· Develop a plan that addresses your goals with your risk tolerance in mind
· Implement and monitor the financial plan
We all know that making a Financial Plan plays an important role in wealth generation. However, for some reason or the other we find excuses for not making one. If you have not yet made a Financial Plan that charts your future earnings, expenses and returns from your investments then perhaps it's about time you made one.
Here are eight easy steps that will help you make your financial plan.
1. Identify and list down your future needs/ objectives
2. Convert needs into financial goals
3. Make an understanding of your current financial state
4. Stage I of the financial plan: Risk planning
5. Stage II of financial plan: Core cash flow study
6. Determine an appropriate asset allocation strategy
7. Product selection and plan execution
8. Monitor and evaluate your financial plan
1. Identify and list down your future needs/ objectives
Each individual seeks to lead a better and a happier life. To lead such a life there are some needs and some wishes that need to be satisfied. Money is a medium through which such needs and desires are fulfilled. Some of the common needs that most individuals would have are:
· Creating enough financial resources to lead a comfortable retired life
· Providing for a child's education and marriage
· Buying a dream home
· Providing for medical emergencies, etc.
The first step in making a financial plan is, identifying the goals which have to be met. These goals are the needs and the objectives of the individual. Clarity in these needs would be the starting point to help an individual work out the journey on the financial road which needs to be followed.
2. Convert needs into financial goals
Once the needs/ objectives have been identified, they need to be transformed into financial goals. But how do we convert the needs into financial goals?
Two components are there in converting the needs into financial goals. First is to evaluate and find out when you need to make withdrawals from your investments for each of the needs/ objectives. Then you should estimate the amount of money needed in current value to meet the objective/ need today. Then by using a suitable Inflation factor you can find out what would be the amount of money needed to meet the objective/ need in future.
For example; Let us consider the need to create an Education Fund for your child which is needed 15 years from now. Let us assume that the current cost of education today would work out to around Rs 4 lakh. We can project what is the amount needed after 15 years for your child by using a suitable inflation factor to the current cost of education assumed as Rs 4 lakh. Assuming that cost of education would rise at 7 per cent per annum over the next 15 years, the total amount required after 15 years would be around Rs 11.03 lakh.
Similarly you need to estimate the amount of money needed to meet all such objectives/ needs. Once you have all the values you need to plot it against a timeline. This is very easily done by using spreadsheets. It will give you a broad idea about when and how much money you would need during your life in future
3. Make an understanding of your current financial Position
To get clarity on your current financial position, it is necessary to create a family budget. As part of this budget, you need to list down your income and expenses.
- Income should include the husband and wife's income as well as rental income if any
- The expenses part should be split under monthly expenses and annual expenses
- Under monthly expenses you should list down the regular monthly expenses like groceries, phone bills, electricity, petrol, etc
- Under the annual expenses you need to include non-regular expenses like school fees, car insurance, vacation, etc
This allows you to get an idea of the pattern of cash outflows (expenses) during the year. Accordingly you can plan to keep sufficient money liquid for the necessary expenses during the course of the year. All Loan EMIs (equated monthly installments) paid must be kept separate under the monthly expenses head, as after a finite number of years they will no longer be part of your regular living expenses. The most important information that you get from the above study is your current annual cost of living (that part of expenses which supports your current lifestyle).
An analysis of the above figures would permit you to understand the amount of savings (income less expenses) that you are left with on an average. This in turn will give you an idea of surplus regular money available for investment. This is the savings that will take care of you and your family when income from your work stops. Hence it is extremely important to understand what is happening to your savings. A strategy to invest the savings in the most suitable way is critical for you to meet your financial goals.
4. Stage I of the Financial Plan: Risk planning
The first component of the Financial Plan would cover the aspect of risk planning. The two major risks are that of illness and death. The role of Insurance is to cover the financial risk. A suitable Health Insurance cover is worked out after taking into account the situation of the family and information about the availability of any cover from the employer. The next step is to estimate the amount of life insurance cover required. Loss of income in case of death of an earning member may put the rest of the family into financial distress (especially where he/ she may be the primary bread winner).
The importance of insurance is to take care of this financial discomfort. The most appropriate life Insurance cover for this is a term cover. Information on financial goals and your current financial state, when suitably modified, becomes a base from which to work towards estimating the amount of life insurance and the tenure of the cover. Once the risk planning is in place the cash flows for long term Financial Planning are worked out.
5. Stage II of Financial Plan: Core Cash Flow Study
You now have the basic inputs needed to work on your Financial Plan. The needs/ objectives have been transformed into financial goals. You know the amount of money and the time when it is required for each of your financial goals. These financial goals will be met through creating financial resources by investing your savings.
You have a basic understanding of your current cash flow (income and expenses statement) through creating a family budget. From this you can obtain an idea of your potential savings. By projecting your income and expenses into the future you can get an idea of the kind of savings you can have each year. By assuming that savings grow at different rates you would get an idea of how your Investment pool would grow into the future. You will have to work out at what rate of growth of your savings would all your financial objectives be met. If the rate needed is very high then it gives you an idea that you may have to save and invest more or alternatively sacrifice some financial goals. In case the return expected is very low, you can explore the possibility of achieving financial freedom earlier in life. You can mix and match and work out different scenarios and then finalize a plan that suits you most.
6. Determine an appropriate asset allocation strategy
Based on a projection of the estimates of long term cash flows done, you know the rate at which you need to grow your investments. The financial plan thus lays the wide investment parameters in terms of an asset allocation strategy. Different assets classes like Debt, Equity,Real Estate, etc. grow at certain natural growth rates over the long term. You have to work out an investment strategy to invest the saving across various asset classes in an appropriate ratio so that you meet the targeted return as per the Financial Plan.
If a higher return is needed then accordingly a higher exposure to higher growth assets like equities is needed. But here the risk also will be more. Discipline in maintaining the Asset Allocation is the key to achieving success in the long term.
7. Product selection and Plan Execution
The question of Product Selection and Execution arise only after the Asset Allocation strategy as per the financial plan. This strategy guides you on the allocation of money to various asset classes (example: debt, equity, gold, etc). For each of the asset classes, suitable investment options are evaluated. A thorough understanding of how different products work and the costs associated with them is significant for this evaluation. The most suitable product which will help you to meet the expected returns as estimated in the financial plan is selected.
By growing the money at the estimated rate you would be able to build enough financial resources to fulfill your objectives and needs in life. A lot of individuals invest into an investment option without understanding its overall long term impact on their lives. Due to this reason they may find out that they are left with insufficient financial resources during their later years. They normally have to depend on someone or have to drastically trim down their lifestyle to lead a financially feasible life. Therefore it is extremely important for people to evaluate before hand, the amount of financial resources they need to build up, in order to lead a comfortable life post their working years.
8. Monitor and evaluate your financial plan
The success in Financial Planning is achieved only when all the financial goals are met. Therefore financial planning does not end as soon as investments are made. It is a continuous process where regular monitoring and periodic assessment is essential to ensure that things are happening as per the plan. It is necessary to ensure that planned contributions from your savings are happening towards your investments.
In addition to this the returns being generated by the investments must be monitored and rebalancing of investments must be made as per the asset allocation strategy. Based on the above evaluation the financial plan should be fine tuned if essential.
Adjustments to the Financial Plan may be required in certain scenarios. Any permanent change in lifestyle over and above the estimated level would impact on your long term financial situation. Likewise any major change in your existing situation, new member added in the family or reduction in income due to one member of the family taking time off from work to raise children would require a reworking of the Financial Plan.
